City clusters play a pivotal role in driving regional economic growth and environmental sustainability.They are central to scientific and technological innovation,the formation of industrial clusters,and the adjustment of industrial structures.This paper adopts a perspective centered on production,consumption,and spatial dynamics to thoroughly examine the overall characteristics,composition,spatial distribution,transformation patterns,and the structure and spatial features of carbon sinks across China's five major city clusters.By comparing the carbon emission structures of these city clusters,the study evaluates their total and intensity-based emissions,carbon neutrality features,and correlations with socio-economic factors.It reveals the interplay of carbon emissions among different industrial categories within and between city clusters.Finally,drawing on current carbon reduction policies and international experiences,the paper preliminarily explores carbon reduction strategies for these five major city clusters,suggesting pathways for future environmental and economic sustainability.
five major city clusterscarbon emission characteristicscarbon reduction pathways