Xiyu Quanshu(Complete Book of the Western Regions)was completed in the early years of the Qianlong period and had a great influence on books such as Xizang Zhi Kao(Examination of the Annals of Xizang)and Xizang Zhi(Annals of Xizang).It was the earliest among local chronicles of Xizang in the Qing Dynasty to mention Bhutan,which can be found in three sections:"Attracting Lands,""Appendix,"and"Complete Records of Roads."The materials in"Attrac-ting Lands"are relatively rich and comprehensive,which give a brief introduction about Bhutan and how the Qing Dynasty and Bhutan established the suzerain-vassal relationship.By analyzing what is recorded in it as well as other documentary materials,this paper offers an insight from several aspects into the background for the establishment of the suzerain-vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Bhutan.Through in-depth analysis of Xiyu Quanshu and relevant archival doc-uments of the Qing Dynasty,it can be seen that the suzerain-vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Bhutan was established from the Yongzheng period to the early years of the Qianlong period,and that both Polhanas and Amban,the grand minister resident in Xizang played important roles and made historical contributions in quelling the internal unrest in Bhutan and establishing the suzerain-vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Bhutan.
Xiyu Quanshu(Complete Book of the Western Regions)XizangBhutansuzerain-vassal relationshipPolhanasgrand minister?residentin?Xizang
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