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抚养纠纷案件中实现"最有利于未成年子女"原则的探索

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《中华人民共和国民法典》(以下简称(民法典))首次明确规定"最有利于未成年子女"原则,这既是《儿童权利公约》"儿童利益最大化原则"的体现,也是解释和适用儿童相关权益规定的基本指向.但是司法实践中存在适用场景不明、"长期共同生活"作为衡量因素以及不合理增加"更适合抚养"证明责任标准等问题.究其原因是受传统司法观念影响和相应配套措施不足.为此从儿童自治主体的法律地位入手,明确"最有利于未成年"的当代精神是尊重儿童的真实意思表示,并以此为标准和宗旨,分别确定衡量儿童利益最大化的因素、类型化原则适用情形和衡量因素、提出实现"最有利于未成年子女"原则的配套措施,以期在司法实践中既能保护儿童的基本权利,也能让儿童参与并决定与自身相关的事项.
Judicial Observation and Realization Exploration of the Principle of"Most Favorable to Minor Children"in the Civil Code
For the first time,the Civil Code explicitly stipulates the principle of"the best interests of the minor children",which is not only a reflection of the principle of"maximizing the interests of the children"of the Convention on the Rights of the Child,but also a basic guideline for interpreting and applying the provisions on the rights and interests of children.However,in judicial practice,there are problems with the application of this principle,such as unclear application scenarios,the use of"living together for a long period of time"as a measuring factor,and an unreasonable increase in the standard of proof of"more suitable for upbringing".The reason for this is the influence of traditional judicial concepts and the lack of corresponding supporting measures.In this regard,starting from the legal status of the subject of children's autonomy,we clarify that the contemporary spirit of"most beneficial to the minors"is to respect the true expression of the child's will,and take this as the standard and purpose.It also sets out the criteria and objectives for determining the factors for measuring the best interests of the children,the circumstances in which the typological principle applies and the factors to be measured,and proposes supporting measures for realizing the principle of"best interests of the minor children",with a view to protecting the fundamental rights of the child in judicial practice and allowing the child to participate in and make decisions on matters of relevance to the children.

best interests of the minor childrenprogressive development of capacitiesArticle 1084 of the Civil Code

高家璇

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西南政法大学民商法学院,重庆 401120

最有利于未成年子女利益 逐渐发展能力 《民法典》第一千零八十四条

2024

社会科学论坛
河北省社会科学界联合会

社会科学论坛

CHSSCD
影响因子:0.166
ISSN:1008-2026
年,卷(期):2024.(5)