Renal fibrosis is a common outcome of chronic kidney diseases progressing to the end stage.It characterized by abnormal synthesis and deposit of extracellular matrix,and its pathological changes,like inflammatory cell infiltration,tubular atrophy,and reduced capillary network,contribute to a gradual decline of renal parenchyma,resulting in functional failure.The complex mechanisms of renal fibrosis lack specific treatment targets for effective intervention.Copper ions,essential trace elements,act as catalysts or auxiliary factors in various biological processes,including energy generation,melanin synthesis,free radical clearance,and cell proliferation.It has been revealed that copper ions are involved in liver or pulmonary fibrosis,and recent studies propose a potential role of copper ions in renal fibrosis.This article reviews the roles and mechanisms of copper ions and related proteins in the occurrence and development of renal fibrosis from the perspective of body and cell metabolism,to provide insights for further research on the relationship between copper homeostasis dysregulation and kidney fibrosis.
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