Objective To investigate the roles of serum miR-129-3p and miR-144-3p in drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Methods A total of 140 drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients who underwent neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in Santai Hospital of North Sichuan Medical University from January 2021 to June 2022 were enrolled.According to the therapeutic effect after 6 months of treatment,they were classified into effective group(92 cases)and ineffective group(48 cases).Totally,140 healthy subjects who matched the general information of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients during the same period were enrolled as control group.The expression levels of serum miR-129-3p and miR-144-3p were compared.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of therapeutic effect in drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was used to analyze the predictive values of serum miR-129-3p,miR-144-3p,albumin and white blood cell count on the therapeutic effect of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis after 2 months of treatment.Results Compared with control group,the levels of serum miR-129-3p and miR-144-3p in drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis group were decreased(P<0.05).After 2 months of treatment,the levels of serum miR-129-3p and miR-144-3p in ineffective group were lower than those in effective group(P<0.05).Serum miR-129-3p,miR-144-3p,albumin and white blood cell count were influencing factors for the therapeutic effect of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients(P<0.05).After 2 months of treatment,the area under curve of the combination of serum miR-129-3p,miR-144-3p,albumin and white blood cell count in predicting the therapeutic effect of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 0.956,with the sensitivity of 87.50%and the specificity of 92.39%,which was better than their single determinations(P<0.05).Conclusions The expression levels of miR-129-3p and miR-144-3p in serum of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients are decreased,and the combination with miR-129-3p,miR-144-3p,albumin and white blood cell count play a role in predicting the therapeutic effect of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients.