Organized Research Units in American Universities:Types and Functions,Governance Dilemmas,and Implications
The United States has been a front-runner in the global scientific system in the present-day.Organized research units(ORUs),as the independent unities from collegial departments,play an important role in driving the scientific and technological innovation of research universities in the United States.Analyzing the types,functions,and governance challenges of ORUs in the United States can provide reference and inspiration for the development of organized research in Chinese universities.Through analyzing the historical materials,literature and information on university websites,this study presents the historical developments with three transitions of ORUs:Gifts or donations-foundation or donation-government department funding-multi-party social funding.In terms of types and characteristics,ORUs include standard,adaptive,and shadow types.ORUs serve different functions and roles in universities,industries,and governments in different degrees.The current difficulties of ORUs refer to the conflicts with departments,management,and orientations.Implications for ORUs in China include:aligning with universities'mission,ensuring the sustainability of resources,and establishing governance mechanisms.
Organized researchOrganized research unitsUniversitiesScience and technology innovationAmerica
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