At the end of the 13th century,the political situation gradually stabilised within the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.Through the victory over the Ilkhanate in the Second Battle of Homs,it removed the threat of the Mongol power to Syria.Afterwards,it completely ended the Crusaders'occupation of the eastern Mediterranean coast.After eliminating the domestic trouble and foreign invasion,the Mamluk Sultanate began to paid more attention to the development of agriculture and commerce.It built irrigation projects along the Nile River,repaired the ports along the Nile River,the Red Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean,and opened up the maritime and overland trade routes.On such basis,the trade circle centred on Cario,the capital of the dynasty,was gradually established,which connected Egyptian-Mediterranean trade and Egyptian-Red Sea trade,forming the interweaved traditional and emerging trade routes and the combined maritime and overland trade stations.The trade circle extended to the Libyan Desert and Cyrenaica in the West,to the Nile River coast and Nubia in the South,to the Mediterranean coast,the Levant and the Euphrates River coast in the North,and to the Red Sea,Hejaz and Iraq in the East respectively.Accordingly,the Mamluk Sultanate became the hub and bridge for East-West trade.However,since the end of the 14 th century,the commercial development of the Mamluk Sultanate came to a standstill under the influence of various factors,such as unbalanced economic policies and the failure of the monetary system,continuous natural disasters and plagues,and regional wars.In the eve of the European'Age of Discovery',the Red Sea-Mediterranean trade which was under the control of the Mamluk Sultanate eventually fell into the decline.
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