1916年纽约市脊髓灰质炎大流行的原因、防治及影响
Causes,Prevention and Impacts of the Poliomyelitis Pandemic in New York City in 1916
韩家炳 1朱仲睿1
作者信息
摘要
1916年纽约市脊髓灰质炎大流行是20世纪该病在美国第一次大规模暴发.当时美国社会对脊髓灰质炎病毒的传播途径尚不明晰,没有治疗该病的有效方法,政府防疫政策左右摇摆,未能制定切实可行的防控措施,错失了控制初期疫情的最佳时机,导致脊髓灰质炎患病率增加.在大流行初期及其后的蔓延期,纽约市卫生局通过成立专门疫情防控部门、组建医疗和检疫队伍、新增医院和病床以及增强疫病防治宣传等措施,防止疫情进一步蔓延.除了政府机构推出的诸多防控和治疗举措外,社会力量也积极参与到这场与疫病的战斗中.洛克菲勒基金会和妇女群体在抗疫中保持了较为积极的态度,有效支持了政府的防疫政策.最终在多方合力下,此次疫情于当年11月中旬得以平息.此次疫情对美国和世界脊髓灰质炎防治产生了深远影响:一方面重塑了纽约市传染病防治体系,促进了跨地区和跨国传染病防控合作,引发了国际社会的广泛关注,加快了脊髓灰质炎防治科研进程;另一方面在一定程度上造成了对儿童和少数族群的社会歧视,助长了美国社会的撕裂.
Abstract
The outbreak of the Poliomyelitis pandemic in New York city in 1916 was the first major epidemic in the United States in the 20th century.At that time,the transmission pathways of the Poliomyelitis virus were ambiguous within the American society.There were no effective treatments available.Governmental policies were inconsistent on disease prevention and control,failing to enact practical measures to contain the initial outbreak.This resulted in the rise in the number of the Poliomyelitis cases.In the early stages of the epidemic and its subsequent spread,the Health Department of New York city introduced measures,such as establishing a dedicated department for disease prevention and control,organising medical and quarantine teams,expanding hospital capacity,and intensifying public health awareness campaigns,to prevent further spread of the disease.Beyond the prevention and treatment measures initiated by the government entities,social forces also actively engaged in the fight against the disease.The Rockefeller Foundation and the women group maintained a proactive stance in combating the epidemic,offering substantial support to the governmental disease prevention policies.Ultimately,the epidemic was brought under control by mid-November of 1916 through multi-efforts of various stakeholders.The epidemic exerted a significant impact on the prevention and control of Poliomyelitis in the United States and the whole world.On the one hand,it redefined infectious disease prevention and control system of New York city,fostered cross-regional and international disease prevention and control collaboration,drew the wide international attention,and accelerated the research and development of Poliomyelitis prevention and treatment measures.On the other hand,it led to social discrimination against children and minority groups to some extent,which further expanded the social rift in the United States.
关键词
美国医疗卫生/纽约市/脊髓灰质炎/传染病防治/公共卫生引用本文复制引用
出版年
2024
NETL
NSTL
万方数据