Advancements in antibiotic resistance regulation by two-component regulatory systems in Gram-negative bacteria
The abuse of antibiotics has precipitated a persistent escalation in bacterial drug resistance and the detection rate of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria has been climbing,representing a grave threat to public health and engendering considerable risks within the realms of food production and processing.Two-component regulatory systems(TCSs)are widely present in the Gram-negative bacteria,consisting of the histidine kinase(HK)that senses signals and the corresponding response regulator protein(RR).It is an im-portant signal transduction system in bacteria,widely involved in different physiological processes of bacteria,and plays pivotal roles in bacterial drug resistance.Hence,the intervention therapy targeting at TCSs is deemed a highly promising approach to overcome antibiotic resistance.This review elucidates the involvement of TCSs in orchestrating diverse mechanisms of antibiotic resistance,encompassing the regulation of antibiotic inactivating enzyme synthesis,alterations to the cell surface,modulation of drug influx and efflux,and other regu-latory pathways.It underscores the advancements in our understanding of the regulatory functions in antibiotic resistance of TCSs in Gram-negative bacteria,with the objective of furnishing theoretical insights and references for the prevention and control of antibiotic-resistant food pathogens.
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