Progress in the research on the occurrence and development of heart failure and cancer
This review examines the literature in various aspects,including the common pathogenesis of heart failure and cancer,preclinical and clinical studies on how heart failure promotes cancer,aiming to raise awareness of the potential de-velopment of new cancers or cancer progression in patients with heart failure and to advocate for early intervention.Using the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)database,literature related to"chronic heart failure""tumor,"and"cancer"was retrieved with a time frame from December 1,2018,to December 31,2023.Similarly,using the PubMed English database,literature with keywords"chronic heart failure""tumor"and"cancer"was retrieved for the same period.Inclusion criteria comprised:(1)the common pathogenesis of heart failure and cancer,(2)basic research on how heart failure promotes cancer occurrence and development,and(3)clinical studies on the relationship between heart failure and cancer.Exclusion criteria included(1)etiology,diagnosis,and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases,(2)re-views published in distant years,and(3)literature of poor quality with unclear language structure.A total of 45 relevant articles meeting the criteria were analyzed.The results indicate numerous common risk factors for heart failure and canc-er,including hypertension,diabetes,obesity,gender differences,and unhealthy lifestyle habits such as smoking.Re-garding the increased co-occurrence of heart failure and cancer,one viewpoint suggests a shared pathogenesis,including hypotheses such as the inflammatory response,oxidative stress,metabolic reprogramming,microbiome hypothesis,clon-al hematopoiesis hypothesis,extracellular matrix hypothesis,angiogenesis hypothesis,and neurohormonal hypothesis.Another viewpoint proposes that heart failure actively promotes the occurrence and development of cancer.Preclinical studies have showed that certain factors secreted by the heart in heart failure mouse models can facilitate the development of certain cancers.Increasing clinical research data also suggest that heart failure patients have a higher risk of developing cancer,which may be gender-related and less strongly associated with age.Therefore,implementing strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in high-risk or cancer-afflicted populations not only lowers cardiovascular morbidity but also ef-fectively reduces cancer mortality.
heart failurecancerpreclinical studiesclinical studiesreview literature
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