Ecosystem services' spatial characteristics and their relationships with residents' well-being in Miyun Reservoir watershed
Understanding the characteristics of spatial coupling of ecosystem services and human well-being is the premise to strengthen ecological system management and then conserve ecosystem services and improve human well-being.The research community,however,mainly focused on the conceptual framework and the large-scale description since United Nations released Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005.This study use the ecosystem services assessment model InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) to evaluate the special characteristics of water supply service,soil conservation service,water purification service,and provisioning ecosystem services.Specifically,we chose Miyun Reservoir watershed as a typical example,which is of vital importance to regulation of ecosystem services,to evaluate these characteristics such as such as food supply,the supply of livestock products,and the supply of vegetables at township scales in Miyun Reservoir watershed.Then we reveal the spatial characteristics of human wellbeing which utilize the per capita net income of farmers as proxy a indicator,and investigate different patterns of relationships between ecosystem service and human well-being.The results show that:(1) Ecosystem services appear to be a significant spatial heterogeneity in space in Miyun Reservoir watershed:water supply service turns out to first increase and then decrease from upstream to downstream;Both soil conservation service and water purification service show a consistent increasing tendency from upstream to downstream;and provisioning ecosystem services are higher at Chao and Bai river watershed and lower at the intermediate region.(2) The relationship between water purification service and water supply service,provisioning ecosystem services,and agricultural services turns out to be a significant negative correlation (P ＜ 0.05).Agricultural development is a important factor to affect the ecosystem water purification services.(3) The residents' well-being shows a significant spatial heterogeneity in space:The rural per capita net income of farmers in Beijing is 4.46 times that in Heibei Province at province scale.And the residents' well-being doesn't show an apparent agglomeration at township scale.(4) Based on the special agglomeration characteristics of ecosystem services and residents' well-being at township scale,the 56 towns appear to contain three spatial coupling patterns:high well-being with high ecosystem services,human wellbeing depending on provisioning ecosystem services (a dependent pattern),and low well-being with low ecosystem services.(5) In order to achieve the win-win objective which can bring about both protect ecosystem services and improve residents' well-being,we propose management recommendations as follows:Emphasize to keep regulating services in high well-being with high ecosystem services pattern;Emphasize to keep provisioning ecosystem services in dependent pattern;Emphasize the implementation of ecological compensation policies in low well-being with low ecosystem services pattern.This study provides an insights to relationships between the spatial pattern of ecosystem services and residents' well-being,and reveals both the spatial coupled pattern and its characteristics.These findings provide scientific support for district and classification management,while the research methods and train of thought can provide a reference for protecting ecosystem services and simultaneously enhancing the well-being of residents for other basin management.
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