As the rapid development of biotechnology,the role of vaccines in the prevention and control of infectious diseases be-comes increasingly significant,and widespread immunization is crucial for global health.However,there are considerable chal-lenges in improving vaccine coverage in low-and middle-income countries.Due to the inherent instability and poor thermal stabil-ity of liquid vaccines,the high cost of cold chain distribution restricts the dissemination and administration of vaccines in these regions,leading to ineffective control of certain infectious diseases in remote areas.To ensure the stability and effectiveness of vaccines,freeze-drying(FD)technology has become one of the key technologies in vaccine preparation and preservation.This paper provided a comprehensive and systematic review of the principles of freeze-drying technology,its influencing factors,the application of FD technology in different types of vaccines,and its future development trends,which aimed to provide useful in-formation and insights for further research and industrialization of vaccines.
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