The mRNA vaccine activates the human immune system to produce protective immune responses against specific pathogens by delivering messenger RNA encoding pathogen proteins.The advantages of mRNA vaccines lie in their rapid devel-opment,high specificity,and the ability to provide long-term protection through structural optimization,offering a revolutionary new approach for future vaccine development.Currently,mRNA-based vaccines for the prevention of viral infectious diseases have been applied in diseases such as corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19),influenza and rabies.This review summarized the development history,structural characteristics,and mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines,elaborated on their application,clinical efficacy,and limitations in several specific viral diseases,proposed the challenges and opportunities faced by mRNA vaccines in responsing to viral infectious diseases,and looked forward to their application prospects in the prevention and control of future viral infectious diseases,with the aim of providing a reference for the research,development and application of mRNA vaccines.
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