Virus-like particles(VLPs)are hollow particles containing one or more structural proteins of a certain virus.Structur-ally similar to intact viruses,they possess immunogenicity similar to that of intact viruses and could induce immune responses by activating antigen-presenting cells.Due to the absence of viral genomes,VLPs can be developed into safer and more cost-effec-tive vaccine candidates.This article systematically elaborated on the classification,characterization,advantages,and expression systems of VLPs,reviewed the development history of VLP vaccines,and summarized the varieties of vaccines that have been ap-proved for market use.At the same time,it introduced some preventive or therapeutic VLP vaccines that were currently under re-search and development,and explored new development strategies,further broadening the field of VLP vaccine research and de-velopment,and providing broader prospects for future research and application.
virus-like particlesVLP vaccinescharacterization toolsexpression system
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