From"the Distinction of Hua-Yi"to"the Republic of Five Ethnic Races"——The Transformation of Nation-state Construction Thoughts of Various Forces in the Political Changes of the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China
In the political changes of the late Qing Dynasty,different forces,such as the Qing government,the Constitutionalists,the Revolutionaries and the upper-class of border ethnics,held different interpretations of"Hua-Yi".At the end of the Qing Dynasty,the Constitutionalists constructed the theory of the"the Republic of Five Ethnic Races"and proposed the concept of the Chinese Nation.The Revolutionaries,considering the issue of national territory in reality,abandoned their anti-Manchu revolutionary stance and turned to"the Republic of Five Ethnic Races".After the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising,the Qing Government continued the concept of"Yi and Xia as One Family"since Yongzheng Period,abandoned the possibility of separatism,and clearly expressed the"the Republic of Five Ethnic Races"through peaceful abdication.Although there were differences in regional realitie,the upper-class of the Mongolian,Tibetan,and Hui ethnic groups have accepted the reality of the Qing Emperor's abdication,actively supported the rule of the Republic of China,and participated in the decision-making of the"the Republic of Five Ethnic Races".Finally,the convergence of various forces towards the"the Republic of Five Ethnic Races"has laid the ideological foundation for the future of a unified multi-ethnic country.
"the Distinction of Hua-Yi""the Republic of Five Ethnic Races""Yi and Xia in One Family"ConstitutionalistsRevolutionariesYang Du
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