Effects of vitamin D supplementation at different stages of pregnancy on learning and memory ability of offsprings
Objective To explore the improvement of vitamin D(VD)supplementation at different stages of pregnancy on spatial learning and memory ability in offspring mice.Methods According to body weight,female SD rats aged 4 weeks were randomized into control(Ctrl)group,vitamin D deficiency(VDD)group,first trimester supplementation(FTS)group,second trimester supplemen-tation(STS)group,and third trimester supplementation(TTS)group.The rats in Ctrl group were fed a standard diet,and the rats in the other groups were fed a VD deficiency diet.After 8 weeks of feeding,male and female rats were fed in the same cage.After successful mating,the rats in Ctrl group were fed with a standard diet,the rats in VDD group were fed with vitamin D deficient diet,the rats in FTS group were fed with standard diet from day 0 of gestation(GD0)to the ablactation(at day 21 of newborn rats),the rats in STS group were fed with a standard diet from GD7 to the ablactation,and the rats in TTS group were fed with a standard diet from GD14 to the ablactation.After the ablactation,all the offspring rats were fed according to the feeding conditions of maternal rats.At GD20,serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D[25(OH)D]level in maternal rats was detected by ELISA.Morris water maze test(four days of place navi-gation test and one day of spatial probe test)was carried out after weaning.Serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D levels of the offsprings were detected after the behavioral experiment.Hippocampus morphology was observed by HE staining.Results After 8 weeks of VD deficiency,serum 25(OH)D level was significantly decreased in the other four groups compared with Ctrl group(P<0.01).At GD 20,serum 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in VDD group than in Ctrl group(P<0.01),and it was significantly higher in FTS group,STS group and TTS group than in VDD group(P<0.01).Serum 25(OH)D level in the offsprings in FTS group was significantly higher that in VDD group(P<0.01),and serum 1,25(OH)2D level in the offsprings in FTS group,STS group and TTS group was significantly higher than that in VDD group(P<0.01).The weight of the offsprings was increased significantly after vitamin D supplementation at different stages of pregnancy.In the place navigation test,the escape latency was gradually decreased with the increase of training days in each group.The escape latency of the offsprings in FTS group,FTS group and TTS group was significantly lower than that in VDD group at day 3(P<0.01).Compared with TTS group,the escape latency was slightly reduced in FTS group and STS group,but there was no statistical difference.In the spatial probe test,the escape latency of the offsprings in FTS group and STS group was signifi-cantly lower than that in VDD group(P<0.05),and the escape latency in FTS group and STS group was significantly lower than that in TTS group(P<0.05).Compared with VDD group,the CA1 region of hippocampus was improved in VD supplementation groups.Con-clusions VD deficiency in maternal rats can reduce the learning and memory ability of their offsprings,and vitamin D supplementa-tion at different stages of pregnancy can improve the learning and memory ability of the offsprings.VD supplementation in early preg-nancy is more effective to improve the learning and memory ability of offspring.
vitamin Dvitamin D deficiency during pregnancyoffspringhippocampusMorris water mazelearning and memory ability
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