道言互宅:老子哲学的语言之维
The Mutual Residences of the Dao and Speech:The Linguistic Dimension of Laozi's Philosophy
郭诺明1
作者信息
摘要
老子的道言之辨,既不是将语言提升到语言哲学的层次,也不是将语言下降到工具论的层次,而是道言互藏互宅."道可道"是老子道言观的前提与基础.通过语言去诠释、改造、参赞世界,构成了"可道""可名"的语言话语活动."可道""可名"也意味着道向人的敞现与澄明必经语言这一环节.道由"不可说"进而"可说",但"可说"之道,即非恒常之道.若执定语言中所表现之道,甚至在语言中夹杂贪婪、占有、利害等意欲,语言将不可避免地走向异化,道不可避免地被遮蔽.其调适之道在"日损",即由"可名"复归"无名","有言"复归"希言",在"希言"与"自然"的和谐中相互渗透.道由"不可说"进而"可说",表现为言道的"为学 日益"状态;由道之"可说"复归"不可说",表现为道言的"为道日损"状态,经此一往来、一循环,道言"互藏以为宅",在"玄之又玄"的"玄同"之化中实现道与言的辩证统一.
Abstract
Laozi's differentiation of Dao and speech is neither to elevate speech to the level of linguistic philosophy nor to lower it to the level of instrumental theory.Instead,he believes that the Dao and speech are mutual residences.The doctrine that"the Dao that can be told of"is the premise and foundation of Laozi's language view.People use language to interpret,transform,involve and regulate the world,constituting complex language activities such as stating and naming."The Dao that can be told of"also means that the presentation of the Dao to people must go through the link of language.Dao goes from"ineffable"to"effable",but what can be said is not the permanent Dao.If someone sticks to the Dao expressed,even mixing greed,possession,interests,and other desires,language will inevitably move towards alienation,and the Dao will inevitably be obscured.In the face of this situation,the solution is to"master the Dao by decreasing what obscures it day by day",that is,to restore the Dao from being"named"to"unnamed",from being"effable"to"ineffable".The Dao operates and involves in harmony of"speechlessness"and"nature".The Dao changes from being"ineffable"to"effable",which is shown as the state of"learning by increasing knowledge day by day",while the Dao restores from being"effable"to"ineffable",showing the state of"mastering the Dao by decreasing what obscures it day by day".Through this exchange and cycle,the Dao and language have become each other's dwellings.
关键词
老子/《道德经》/道/语言/道言之辨Key words
Laozi/Daodejing/Dao/language/differentiation of Dao and speech引用本文复制引用
基金项目
国家社科基金重大项目(2018ZDA019)
出版年
2024
NETL
NSTL
万方数据