The clinical characteristics and diagnosis and treatment of refractory Tourette syndrome(TS)are gaining more academic attention.Based on the latest research,this article explores the possible mechanisms of refractory TS and reviews the progress in diagnosis and treatment of refractory TS,including strategies for combination therapy,new drug development,traditional Chinese medicine treatment,deep brain stimulation,electroconvulsive therapy,repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,and direct current stimulation.
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