Characteristics,influencing factors and health risks of fluoride in drinking water in Hefei City,2020-2022
Objective To investigate the fluoride levels,distribution characteristics and influencing factors in drinking water in Hefei City,and to evaluate the potential health risks for different populations.Methods The fluoride concentration in drinking water during 2020-2022 was monitored.R 4.2.2 software was used for stratification and correlation analysis.The health risk assessment model recommended by the US EPA was applied to health risk assessment.Results The fluoride concentration in drinking water in Hefei City ranged from 0.03 mg/L to 1.35 mg/L,and the median was 0.29 mg/L,of which＜0.5 mg/L accounted for 95.97％,0.5-＜0.7 mg/L 3.90％,0.7-＜1.0 mg/L 0.09％,and ≥ 1.0 mg/L 0.04％.There were statistically significant differences in the fluoride concentration among different years,water periods,water sample types,sampling types,disinfection modes,water source types,water supply scales and areas(all P＜0.05).The fluoride concentration during 2020-2022 showed a downward trend,and it was higher in the high water period than in the low water period.The fluoride concentration in tap water was found to be the highest,followed by factory-treated water and secondary water supply.As for water treated with different disinfection methods,the fluoride concentration was higher in non-disinfected water,but lower in liquid chlorine disinfected water.The fluoride concentration was higher in rural water than in urban water.As for different water sources,the fluoride concentration was higher in water from lakes,but lower in water from reservoirs,showing an obvious regional difference.The fluoride in drinking water was positively correlated with 16 indexes like chloride,sulfate,total hardness,oxygen consumption,total dissolved solids and pH,and the largest correlation coefficient was chloride(r=0.533).The fluoride in drinking water was weakly and negatively correlated with chroma and nitrate nitrogen.The medians of non-carcinogenic risk(hazard quotient,HQ)of fluoride intake from drinking water in residents were between 0.086 and 0.201,all of which were less than 1.The non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride was significantly higher in infants aged 1-2 years than in children aged 4-5 and 6-9 years and adults,and also higher in male adults than in female adults.As for children aged 1-2,4-5 and 6-9 years,the non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride was higher in girls than in boys.Conclusion The fluoride concentration in drinking water in Hefei City is relatively low.Many factors of water supply,such as water period and disinfection method,affect fluoride concentration.Moreover,fluoride concentration is related to chloride,total hardness and pH in water.The non-carcinogenic risk of drinking tap water is at an acceptable level,and the risk degree is related to age.
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