Effects of different thermal ablation techniques on macrophages and inflammatory cytokines in canine prostate
Objective To compare the effects of laser ablation(LA),radiofrequency ablation(RFA)and microwave ablation(MWA)on the macrophages and inflammatory cytokines in canine prostate.Methods Nine healthy adult male beagles,weighing 12.25 to 17.75 kg,were randomly assigned to the LA,RFA and MWA group,three beagles in each group,receiving LA,RFA and MWA of prostate under transrectal ultrasound guidance respectively.The levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-12,IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)were detected at the time points of before ablation,one week after ablation and one month after ablation.The expressions of CD68,iNOS and CD163 in the residual prostate tissues were detected with immunohistochemistry one month after ablation.The classification of macrophages was assessed.Results Before ablation,there were no significant differences in the serum levels of TNF-α[(43.13±27.11),(31.58±18.93),(35.80±10.34)ng/L],IL-12[(146.73±47.66),(148.18±133.11),(135.89±76.89)ng/L],IL-10[(81.12±48.27),(71.56±63.33),(75.56±52.61)ng/L],and TGF-β1[(160.42±72.56),(154.57±40.63),(157.56±53.67)ng/L]among the LA,RFA and MWA groups(F=0.616,0.010,0.023,0.008;all P values＞0.05).After one week of ablation,there were significant differences in the serum levels of TNF-α[(159.11±53.26),(129.57±23.42),(53.65±21.34)ng/L],IL-12[(253.90±80.71),(234.32±118.85),(145.68±67.89)ng/L],IL-10[(52.04±32.14),(24.20±20.69),(70.78±37.89)ng/L]and TGF-β1[(84.64±52.49),(78.64±33.53),(153.78±43.45)ng/L]among three groups(F=6.936,2.471,1.857,4.721;all P values＜0.05);the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-12 were higher in the LA and RFA groups than those in the MWA group(P＜0.05),and the level of TGF-β1 was lower in the LA and RFA groups than that in the MWA group(P＜0.05);the serum level of TNF-α was higher in the LA group than that in the RFA group(P＜0.05),and there were no significant differences in the IL-12 and TGF-β1 levels between these two groups(P＞0.05);the serum level of IL-10 was higher in the LA and MWA groups than that in the RFA group(P＜0.05),and showed no significant difference between the LA and MWA groups(P＞0.05).After one month of ablation,there were significant differences in the serum levels of TNF-α[(185.79±36.62),(84.17±26.97),(40.45±12.34)ng/L],IL-12[(267.02±98.94),(118.97±111.38),(145.78±56.89)ng/L]and TGF-β1[(48.92±29.67),(218.85±27.56),(167.67±45.67)ng/L]among three groups(F=22.530,3.050,18.360;all P values＜0.05);the IL-10 level showed no significant difference among three groups[(49.01±41.81),(105.20±29.17),(78.89±45.35)ng/L](F=1.528,P=0.290);the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-12 were higher in the LA group than those in the RFA and MWA groups(P＜0.05),and the level of TGF-β1 was lower in the LA group than that in the RFA and MWA groups(P＜0.05);the serum levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 were higher in the RFA group than those in the MWA group(P＜0.05),and the level of IL-12 was lower in the RFA group than that in the MWA group(P＜0.05).In the LA group,the serum level of TNF-α increased successively before alation,one week after ablation and one month after ablation(F=10.541,P=0.011),while the level of TGF-β1 decreased successively(F=7.278,P=0.031);the serum IL-12 level was higher one week and one month after alation than that before ablation(P＜0.05),and showed no significant difference one week after ablation compared with that one month after ablation(P＞0.05);there was no significant difference in the serum IL-10 level among three time points(F=0.492,P=0.634).In the RFA group,the levels of TNF-α and IL-12 were higher one week after ablation than those before and one month after ablation(P＜0.05),and the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were lower than those before and one month after ablation(P＜0.05);the serum levels of TNF-α,IL-10 and TGF-β1 were higher after one month of ablation than those before ablation(P＜0.05),and the serum level of IL-12 had no significant change(P＞0.05).In the MWA group,there were no significant differences in the serum levels of TNF-α,IL-12,IL-10 and TGF-β1 among three time points(F=1.080,0.020,0.024,0.068;all P values＞0.05).After one month of ablation,the immunohistochemical results showed that the expressions of CD68 and iNOS were higher in the LA group than those in the RFA and MWA groups,and the expression of CD163 was higher in the RFA group than that in the LA and MWA groups.Conclusion In one month after ablation,M1-type macrophage-mediated proinflammatory response is dominant in the prostate tissues after LA,M2-type macrophage-mediated anti-inflammatory response is dominant after RFA,and the inflammatory response is lower after MWA than that after LA and RFA of canine prostate.
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