Objective To investigate the genetic polymorphism distribution and protein expression of EphB 4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC ) and to study the possible relationship between EphB 4 and NSCLC. Methods Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression level of EphB 4 in 28 tumor tissues. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR ( PCR-RFLP)was used for the detection of polymorphism of EphB 4 gene in peripheral blood DNA from 28 NSCLC patients and 30 normal samples. Results EphB 4 gene in cancer tissues was significantly higher than the level of normal organization (53.6% vs 0.0% , P <0. 05). The expression level of EphB 4 protein in lung cancer tissues had no significant correlations with the sex,age of the patients, source of the primary cancer(P >0.05), but associated with TNM stages, histological classification, P-TNM status(P <0.05). The frequencies of rs314310 genotypes CC, CA, AA were 25.0% ,53.6% ,21.4% in NSCLC group and 43. 3% ,53.3% ,3. 3% in control group respectively. No significant difference was found between the two groups (P >0.05). The frequencies of EphB 4 C and A allele were 51. 8% ,48.2%in control group and 70.0% ,30.0%in lung cancer group respectively. The expression of EphB 4 of AA genotypes was significantly higher than other genotypes (P <0.05). Conclusion Higher expression of EphB 4 gene associated with the occurrence and development of NSCLC. rs314310 AA genotype might be a risk factor on occurrence of NSCLC.