To Discover"Culture"——The Enlightenment and Origins of Modern Cultural Theory
Culture is innate to human beings.However,it is a major ideological event and cultural action to realize that there is a relatively independent"cultural"field and that a relatively independent"new sci-ence",namely,cultural science,is needed and put into practice.Western cultural consciousness occurred in the age of Enlightenment.The Enlightenment shaped modern western culture and activated the questio-ning,reflection,and criticism of itself.Contemporary research takes"The Science of Man"of the Scottish Enlightenment more than the"Rationality First"of the French tradition as the core principle of the En-lightenment.However,as long as"The Science of Man"is established according to the natural science mod-el,it is still incomplete and unreal.Vico,Rousseau,Herder,and Burke more clearly and directly insisted on the difference between man-made objects and nature and took this as the starting point of their discussion;they opposed the study of"The Science of Man"with the method of natural science and explored the meth-od of independent humanistic research.Their cultural theory is an expanded version of the Enlightenment of"The Science of Man".With the gathering of romanticism and the promotion of Marx,Weber,and oth-ers,the cultural theory established by Vico and others has become a prominent academic field in contempo-rary times,but it is faced with two fundamental challenges:how to find the unity of cultural theory in a wide range of topics?how to protect nature and material quality while the world is culturally and textually oriented?The"discoveries"of Vico and others still has theoretical potential to solve contemporary prob-lems.
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