摘要
文化与人类俱生,但意识到有一个相对独立的"文化"领域,意识到需要一门相对独立的"新科学"也即文化科学来研究这个领域,却是重大的思想事件和文化行动.西方的文化自觉发生在启蒙时代.启蒙塑造了西方现代文化,也激活了对自身的质疑、反思和批判.当代研究更多将苏格兰启蒙运动的"人的科学"而不是法国传统的"理性至上"作为启蒙运动的核心原则.但只要"人的科学"还是以自然科学为典范,它就仍然是不充分、不真实的.维柯、卢梭、赫尔德和柏克更鲜明、更直接地坚持人造物与自然界的不同并以此为论述的起点,反对以自然科学的方法来研究"人"并探索了独立的人文研究方法,他们的理论是启蒙运动"人的科学"的扩展版.经过浪漫主义的集聚和马克思、韦伯等人的推动,维柯等人所奠定的文化理论在当代已经是一个显赫的学术思想论域,但面临两个根本性挑战:如何在广泛论题之中确立文化理论的统一性?如何在世界文化化、文本化的同时维护并面向自然和物质?维柯等人的"发现"依然有着解决当代问题的理论潜力.
Abstract
Culture is innate to human beings.However,it is a major ideological event and cultural action to realize that there is a relatively independent"cultural"field and that a relatively independent"new sci-ence",namely,cultural science,is needed and put into practice.Western cultural consciousness occurred in the age of Enlightenment.The Enlightenment shaped modern western culture and activated the questio-ning,reflection,and criticism of itself.Contemporary research takes"The Science of Man"of the Scottish Enlightenment more than the"Rationality First"of the French tradition as the core principle of the En-lightenment.However,as long as"The Science of Man"is established according to the natural science mod-el,it is still incomplete and unreal.Vico,Rousseau,Herder,and Burke more clearly and directly insisted on the difference between man-made objects and nature and took this as the starting point of their discussion;they opposed the study of"The Science of Man"with the method of natural science and explored the meth-od of independent humanistic research.Their cultural theory is an expanded version of the Enlightenment of"The Science of Man".With the gathering of romanticism and the promotion of Marx,Weber,and oth-ers,the cultural theory established by Vico and others has become a prominent academic field in contempo-rary times,but it is faced with two fundamental challenges:how to find the unity of cultural theory in a wide range of topics?how to protect nature and material quality while the world is culturally and textually oriented?The"discoveries"of Vico and others still has theoretical potential to solve contemporary prob-lems.
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