The Intellectual Origins of Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century:A Diagnosis by Isa-iah Berlin
Totalitarianism is a central problem in the history of twentieth century political thought.For Isa-iah Berlin,monism and positive liberty are the intellectual origins of totalitarianism in the twentieth centu-ry.On one hand,empirical and normative questions lay the foundation for philosophical monism.By appli-cation of philosophical monism into the political realm,it is transformed into political monism.Then utopia of political monism provides a perfect blueprint for totalitarian practice.On the other hand,there are legiti-mate and illegitimate positive liberties.Furthermore,illegitimate positive liberty is composed of individual and collective positive liberties.It is just collective positive liberty that seemingly justifies the totalitarian practice.Hence totalitarianism in the twentieth century is the product of monism and positive liberty.
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