Exploring the Generative Mechanism of State Ontological Security:A Case Study of China's Sympathetic Diplomacy at the Bandung Conference
Since the 21st century,the ontological security studies(OSS),focusing on"security of self"rather than"security of body",has expanded our understanding of the actions taken by states in response to existential anxiety and ontological insecurity,emphasizing the importance of efficient recognition of sover-eignty for ensuring a state's ontological security.Despite this,academic discussions on the pathways to a-chieving ontological security have mostly been limited to the mechanism of securitization dominated by fear,neglecting different response patterns that may be induced by other types of emotions.Based on this,after distinguishing sympathy from empathy,this paper proposes an ontological security generative mechanism linking anxiety and sympathy.It argues that the formation of vicarious identity is one of the important rea-sons why states in a state of ontological insecurity adopt sympathetic diplomacy.Vicarious identity is a process of appropriating others'experiences into one's own narrative,which helps to eliminate the differ-ence between the self and others.This paper uses China's sympathetic diplomacy at the Bandung Confer-ence as an example to provide a preliminary interpretation of this ontological security generative mechanism.In the early 1950s,China,having just achieved national independence,was in a state of ontological insecu-rity due to insufficient recognition of its sovereignty.To address this,China hoped to express full sympathy to a large number of Asian and African countries at the Bandung Conference and thereby establish a vicari-ous identity with them,alleviating the ontological insecurity caused by the lack of recognition of sovereignty stemming from Western exclusion,insufficient trust from the Soviet Union,lack of confidence in the stabili-ty of the international order,and suspicion from Asian and African countries.
sympathyontological(in)securityrecognition of sovereigntyBandung Conference
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