Viewing the Nature Transformation of the Niu Cong Organization in the Late Qing Dynasty from the Qi Cong Stele
Niu Cong was a grassroots autonomous organization in the Yungui ethnic area during the Ming and Qing dynasties.Since its operation is mostly carried out according to customary law,there are few written materials left.Today,Qi Cong Stele in the Guangxu period in Boguo Town,Panzhou City,Guizhou Province is a rare Niu Cong Stele,reflecting the changes in the nature of Niu Cong in the late Qing Dynasty.After the Jiaqing period,the Niu Cong organization became a local alliance organization that abused the"Miao example"and privately punished theft and other behaviors with burning and capital punishment.Therefore,it was officially banned by the government.During the Guangxu period,Qi Cong Stele reflected the rebirth of the Niu Cong organization,which transformed from a local alliance armed organization to a civil organization.Its punishment for theft had changed from lynching and burning to economic punishment,reflecting the presence of the state in the process of inland ethnic areas in the late Qing Dynasty,and reflecting the trend of"Miao example"being replaced by"national law".
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