《海牙判决公约》声明法律问题与中国因应
The Legal Issues of the Declarations in Hague Judgments Convention and China's Response
郝梓林1
作者信息
摘要
主权国家或国际组织对国际条约提出保留或者声明,是该国际法主体在条约法下享有缔约能力与缔约自由的结果.在法律性质上,条约保留属于一种国家单方法律行为,不具有排他性法律效果的条约声明是国家契约行为.根据"附条件的主观标准"区分条约保留与解释性声明,《海牙判决公约》第14条第3款"诉讼费用担保"、第17条"限制承认与执行"、第19条"与国家相关判决"、第25条"非单一法律制度"以及第27条"不含成员作为缔约方的区域经济一体化组织"的声明条款属于解释性条约声明,第18条"特定事项"属于具有保留性质的条约声明.《海牙判决公约》的声明条款背后是成员基于国家利益的多次博弈.基于我国在《海牙判决公约》谈判中所持立场以及国内现行法,我国应利用好《海牙判决公约》的声明机制:一方面,我国可以考虑根据《海牙判决公约》第18条的专属管辖事项提出保留;另一方面,还可以根据第17条对不具有涉外因素的纯国内案件以及第25条关于该公约在多法域国家适用的问题提出解释性声明.
Abstract
The reservation or declaration made by a State or international orga-nization to an international treaty is the result of the ability and freedom to con-clude treaties entitled by the subject of international law under treaty law.In terms of legal nature,a treaty reservation is a unilateral legal act of a State,while a trea-ty declaration without exclusive legal effects is a contractual act of a State.Based on"conditional subjective standard"to distinguish between treaty reservations and interpretative declarations,Article 14.3 of the Hague Judgments Convention,"Securi-ty for costs of proceedings",Article 17"Declarations limiting recognition and en-forcement",Article 19"Declarations with respect to judgments pertaining to a State",Article 25"Declarations with respect to non-unified legal systems"and Arti-cle 27"Declarations of REIO as a Contracting Party without its Member States"be-long to the nature of interpretative declaration,while Article 18"Declarations with respect to specific matters"is a treaty reservation in nature.Behind the declaration clauses of the Hague Judgments Convention are battles between member States based on national interests.Based on China's position in the negotiation of the con-vention and existing domestic laws,China should make good use of the declaration mechanism of the Hague Judgments Convention.On the one hand,China may con-sider making reservations for its exclusive jurisdiction in accordance with Article 18 of the Convention;on the other hand,China could also make interpretative declara-tions for purely domestic cases without foreign-related elements according to Article 17 and the application of the Convention to the country which has multi jurisdic-tions in accordance with Article 25.
关键词
海牙判决公约/条约法/解释性声明/条约保留Key words
Hague Judgments Convention/treaty law/interpretative declara-tions/reservations to treaties引用本文复制引用
出版年
2024
NETL
NSTL
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