As modern realism travelled from Europe to other continents during the nineteenth century,the encounter with literary traditions in foreign places broke the otherwise unques-tioned unidirectional trajectory.From a one-way or maybe a two-way traffic across countries and continents realism became a multi-directional literary and aesthetic enterprise.This pro-cess happened in an open global cultural and literary exchange between writers,texts,transla-tions and media that relativized pre-established monolithic ideas about centers and peripheries and showed the existence of more complex global networks.In such cross-cultural and hybrid contexts the conflicting perspectives on what is regarded as real becomes a pressing issue.In this paper Ⅰ will take issue with this ontological problem through brief readings of a number of novels from different continents.1 will argue that realism,old or recent,first of all exposes the ontological uncertainty of the modern social and material world,beyond any reference to its material reality.
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