On the Closeness of English Sentences,the Openness of Chinese Sentences and Their Val-ues on Chinese-English Translation
English sentences and Chinese sentences assume closeness and openness respectively.The former can be investigated at both macro-level and micro-level.At macro-level,the closeness in English sentences is displayed in the"pragmatic-grammatical-semantic"sequence in sentence-layer and the tense-coordination,the explicit-subject control and the understood-subject control in complex-sentence-layer;at micro-level,it lies in the"modality-perfect-progressive-passivity"sequence and the thus-produced syntactic well-formedness.The openness in Chinese sentences is displayed above sentence-layer,mainly consisting in the unclear boundaries among words,phrases,clauses,subject-predicate constructions,complex sentences and topic-comment con-structions,the coordination status in the sub-clauses in a subordinate-matrix compound sentence,the lack of grammatical-layer,and the consequential lack of the syntactic well-formedness effect.The transformation from openness-type sentences to closeness-type sentences is crucial in Chi-nese-English translation,in which the determining of grammatical layer is the primary step.A translator should figure out the logical relations in the source text,close the translated sentences with logical-bearing conjunctions,and thus complete the openness-to-closeness transformation.
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