Viewing Classical Civilization from the Perspective of Confucius
Confucius is an epoch-making figure,whose ideas contain differences and contradictions between two eras.For example,Confucius'concept of"benevolence"reflects a shift from being ritual-centered to being ethic-centered.Analyzing the duality of Confucius'life and thought can help clarify the two misunderstandings about Confucius and classical civilization caused by the"Axis Breakthrough"theory.The first misunderstanding is to emphasize Confucius'characteristics in"breakthrough"and"transcendence"without valuing his inheritance of the Zhou Dynasty's ritual and music.The second misunderstanding is to emphasize the importance of classical civilization on order,norms,and moderation,while ignoring its relationship with freedom of thought and speech.On this basis,the characteristics of"classical civilization"can be established as a clear understanding,that is,the crystallization of all the wisdom of Chinese people after entering the civilized era,which contains multiple forms of thought and rich historical levels.
ConfuciusClassical CivilizationDuality of ThoughtCultural Diversity
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