The Construction of the Heavenly Destiny of the Qin People and its "Orthodoxy" Examination
Since the Spring and Autumn period,the concept of destiny among the Qin people has been constructed at the levels of consciousness and ritual.Its belief pattern has evolved from the binary worship of the upper gods of"heaven"and"ancestors"to the personality worship of the upper gods of"heaven"and"emperor",ultimately replacing the Zhou people's destiny(transcendental worship of the upper gods).On the level of consciousness,the Qin people transformed the nature of"heaven"by sharing the original destiny of the Zhou people,and by assisting in the integration of"fusion between Zhou and Qin"and the"Five Elements"theory;On the level of ceremonial,the Qin people formed a binary worship of the superior deity of"Heaven"and"ancestors"by setting up"zhi(畤)".They worshipped the corresponding"God(Heaven)"in the form of White God Shaohao(白帝少4),Cyan God Taihao(青帝太皞),Yellow Emperor(黄帝),and Yan Emperor(炎帝),and developed a belief pattern of offering sacrifices to"God(Heaven)"in the form of"Fengshen(封禅)","four colored Gods"in the form of four"Zhi"in the Yong area(雍四畤),and"ancestors"in the form of ancestral temples.The concept of destiny of the Qin people contains three characteristics:In the early stages,the avoidance of"moral governance"under the influence of utilitarianism;The connection and decoupling with the"Five Elements(五德)"during the process of Qin Dynasty replacing Zhou Dynasty;Under the unified belief pattern,the combination of"heaven"and"emperor",which as the ultimate form,has its inherent contradictions.The Han people examined the"legitimacy"of the Qin people's destiny and denied the existence of the Qin people's destiny from three dimensions:legitimacy,uniqueness,and continuity.In terms of legitimacy standards,they criticized the Qin government as"tyranny";In terms of uniqueness standards,the final form of the Qin regime is still the vassal state,possessing the destiny of the vassals but not the uniqueness of the destiny of the emperor;In terms of continuity standards,the Han people proposed various explanations for the succession of the Qin and Han dynasties based on the theories of"Five Elements"and"Three Tong(三统)".There was a process of gradual recognition and then strong negation of the succession of the Qin and Han dynasties.
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