Macrophages are the crucial immune cells integral to host defense and the regulation of homeostasis,exhibiting remarkable plasticity across various tissues.Upon exposure to different stimuli,they can polarize into functional subsets.The reorganization process of cellular metabolism,known as metabolic reprogramming,involves the comprehensive adjustment of intracellular metabolites,enzymes,and metabolic pathways.Recent studies have revealed the critical role of metabolic reprogramming in shaping the phenotypes and functions of macrophages.Metabolism drives and regulates macrophages by generating bioenergy and biosynthetic precursors and by altering metabolites that affect gene expression and signal transduction.This review focuses on the immunomodulatory roles of key enzymes and specific products in major metabolic pathways,such as glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism,in macrophages.Additionally,it will highlight recent advancements in targeting metabolic regulation of macrophages in the context of ocular diseases.
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