In recent years,as pollution from fossil fuels has worsened,sustainable development has gained prominence,and Chinese"Double Carbon"policy has been implemented.The use of thermoelectric technolo-gies has increased in areas such as geothermal exploration and development,sensor batteries,and thermoelectric power generation.The thermoelectric effects mainly include the Seebeck effect,the Peltier effect,and the Thomson effect.There is abundant literature describing the basic principles of the three thermoelectric effects.However,there is a scarcity of reports that simultaneously address their principles,interrelations,and applica-tion scenarios.In this study,the basic principles and interrelations of the three thermoelectric effects are eluci-dated.We outline the strengths,weakness,and diverse application scenarios of these technologies based on three thermoelectric effects.Furthermore,we discussed the progress of thermoelectric technology applications in various fields,particularly in clean energy,such as geothermal energy exploration and utilization.
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