Based on a lot of evidence-based medical data including randomized controlled clinic trials and meta-analyses beyond 2021 European Society of Cardiology(ESC)heart failure Guidelines,the 2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure was published.This update mainly covers chronic heart failure including heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction(HFmrEF)and preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF),acute heart failure,and comorbidities and prevention of HF.In chronic heart failure,the emergence of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2(SGLT2)inhibitors has brought important options for HFpEF and HFmrEF treatment,and it is the only drug to be recommended for heart failure across total ejection fraction spectrum.An intensive strategy of initiation and rapid up-titration of evidence-based treatment before discharge and during frequent and careful follow-up visits in the first 6 weeks following a heart failure hospitalization is recommended to reduce the risk of heart failure rehospitalization or death.For patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease,SLGTL2 inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist(MRA)finerenone are recommended to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization or cardiovascular death.Intravenous iron supplementation is recommended for iron deficiency patients with heart failure to improve heart failure symptoms and quality of life.The 2023 ESC Guidelines update has made a historic breakthrough in the treatment and prevention of heart failure,and has great guiding significance for clinical application.
Heart failureGuideline of European Society of CardiologyComorbiditiesPrevention and treatmentSodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
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