The Daily Time Expression System and Its Origin in Yuebei Tuhua
The core morphemes for time words in the Shaozhou and Lianzhou subgroups of Yuebei Tuhua,which consist of"zao(早)","zhao(朝)","zhou(昼)","yan(晏)","ye(夜)",and"bu(晡)",exhibit significant distributional differences across thirteen dialectal points.Based on the distribution of these core morphemes,Yuebei Tuhua time words can be classified into two main categories:the"zhou-ye(昼夜)"series which is primarily found in Shaozhou subgroup,and the"yan-bu(晏晡)"series which is predominantly present in the Lianzhou subgroup.When examining historical Chinese texts and contemporary dialects,it becomes evident that the characteristic morphemes"zhao(朝)","zhou(昼)","yan(晏)",and"bu(晡)"are from ancient Chinese,and are typical morphemes in Southern Chinese dialects.Furthermore,the characteristic word formation patterns,involving"zao(早)/ye(夜)+experiential event"and"locational component+locational component",are relatively uncommon in modern dialects,suggesting an independent innovation within Yuebei Tuhua.Comparing with the time expression system in other dialects,it is plausible that Yuebei Tuhua has a close historical relationship with Hakka.
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