Struggle for Sovereignty and Appeasement in the Border Region:Negotiations over Russian Andijan people between China and Tsarist Russia before the Establishment of Xinjiang Province
Before the establishment of Xinjiang Province,Liu Jintang and other officials in Xinjiang attempted to re-strict the activities of Russian Andijan people in Xinjiang on the grounds that the Russian Andijan people were not"real Russians"under international law.This move was supported by the Qing Court and thus triggered negotiations between China and Tsarist Russia.At the beginning of the negotiation,each side interpreted the treaty in its favor and blamed the other for breaking it.As the Tsungli Yamen changed the negotiation strategy,the dispute turned to wheth-er Andijan people was a"Chinese rebel"or"Tsarist Russian civilian in peace".In the face of Tsarist Russian strength,the Qing court finally gave in.The negotiation of Russian Andijan people originated from Tsarist Russian erosion of Chinese sovereignty.The reaction of Liu Jintang and the Qing government was not only the resistance against the Tsarist Russian aggression,but also the active border governance based on the construction of sovereignty,which re-flected the complex historical features of interweaving internal affairs and diplomacy in the border governance dur-ing the transition period.The negotiation focuses on national attribution and state jurisdiction.Although the Qing Court compromised,it made historical progress by clarifying the principle of sovereignty under national jurisdiction.
XinjiangRussian Andijian PeopleLiu JintangNegotiations between China and Tsarist RussiaSover-eignty
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