This study examined the between-and within-person reciprocal relationships between interpersonal sensi-tivity and problem behaviors among left-behind children using cross-lagged modeling(CLPM)and random intercept cross-lagged modeling analysis(RI-CLPM).A sample of 545 left-behind children completed a three-wave longitu-dinal survey.Data analysis revealed:(1)The results of the CLPM demonstrated a significant reciprocal relation-ship between the interpersonal sensitivity of left-behind children and their internalizing and externalizing problems at the between-person level,respectively;(2)The RI-CLPM revealed significant within-person reciprocal relation-ships between interpersonal sensitivity and internalizing problems,but no significant within-person reciprocal rela-tionships between interpersonal sensitivity and externalizing problems were found;(3)No differences were found in the reciprocal relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and problem behaviors among different types of left-be-hind children.These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between-and within-person associations.Future prevention or intervention research should focus on left-behind children with high levels of interpersonal sen-sitivity,internalizing problems,and externalizing problems.Educators and parents need to make efforts to reduce the interpersonal sensitivity and internalizing problems of left-behind children in order to break the vicious cycle.
left-behind childreninterpersonal sensitivityinternalizing and externalizing problemsbetween-per-son associationswithin-person associationsreciprocal relations