Grounded in state theory,Marxism presents a profound critique of capitalist bureaucracy.This critique seeks to es-tablish an alternative model of public administration distinct from Western capitalism.Marx and Engels initially examined the com-mune system to complete their critique of bureaucracy,but encountered challenges in scaling it up for large organizations.Lenin,on the other hand,explored the Soviet system through the party cadre system,tailored for mega-states.However,this approach also suffered from"bureaucratization,"mirroring the self-enclosure seen in Western capitalist bureaucracy.In response,Western bour-geois nations adopted the New Public Management movement to reform their bureaucratic structures.Meanwhile,the CPC has re-fined the cadre system through its governance of the Party,presenting a"Chinese solution"to combat cadre bureaucratization.Nev-ertheless,the issue of bureaucratization among cadres remains a critical concern for Marxist administrative doctrine.It represents both the focus and challenge of the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics in its opposition to bureaucracy.
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