Reducing the numbers of insemination,shortening pregnancy intervals,and increasing the pregnancy rate of cows are the important guarantee for improving the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows and reducing breeding costs.Estrous synchronization-fixed-time artificial insemina-tion(ES-TAI)can not only meet the above requirements,but also skip the estrus identification process and directly carry out timed insemination,thus maximizing the reproduction rate of dairy cows.In the article,classic and new ES-TAI technologies of dairy cows were summarizes accord-ing to different processing methods,focusing on the principles,handling procedures and practical application effects of those technologies,which will provide some references for the further re-search and development of more efficient ES-TAI technologies in dairy cows and the reproduction management of dairy cows in large-scale farms.
维普
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