Research Progress on Regulation of Reproductive Performance by Exogenous Melatonin in Cows
The reproductive performance of cows is the basis for the development of cattle industry.As a multifunctional hormone,melatonin interacts with MT1 and MT2 receptors,reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-6),enhances the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-10,IL-IRa),and promotes the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes(Sod,Cat,Gpx,Gpx4).Additionally,it modulates autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy-related genes expression,alters the composition of rumen and vaginal microbiota,thereby influencing reproductive performance in bovine follicular cells,granulosa cells as well as embryonic develop-ment alongside estrus cycles,ovulation processes,and pregnancy outcomes.Consequently,this article reviews the current status and mechanisms underlying exogenous melatonin's role in regu-lating cow reproduction both in vivo and in vitro while providing a theoretical framework for its rational application to enhance reproductive efficiency in cattle.
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