Abstract
Background Negative energy balance(NEB)typically occurs in dairy cows after delivery.Cows with a high yield are more likely to experience significant NEB.This type of metabolic imbalance could cause ketosis,which is often accompanied by a decline in reproductive performance.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying NEB have yet to be fully elucidated.During excessive NEB,the body fat is extensively broken down,resulting in the abnormal accumulation of non-esterified fatty acids(NEFAs),represented by palmitic acid(PA),within the uterus.Such an abnor-mal accumulation has the potential to damage bovine endometrial epithelial cells(BEECs),while the molecular mechanisms underlying its involvement in the PA-induced injury of BEECs remains poorly understood.Melatonin(MT)is recognized for its regulatory role in maintaining the homeostasis of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species(mitoROS).However,little is known as to whether MT could ameliorate the damage incurred by BEECs in response to PA and the molecular mechanism involved.Results Analysis showed that 0.2 mmol/L PA stress increased the level of cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress,as indicated by increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)level.In addition,we observed mitochondrial dys-function,including abnormal mitochondrial structure and respiratory function,along with a reduction in mito-chondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial copy number,and the induction of apoptosis.Notably,we also observed the upregulation of autophagy proteins(PINK,Parkin,LC3B and Ubiquitin),however,the P62 protein was also increased.As we expected,100 μmol/L of MT pre-treatment attenuated PA-induced mitochondrial ROS and restored mitochondrial respiratory function.Meanwhile,MT pretreatment reversed the upregulation of P62 induced by PA and activated the AMPK-mTOR-Beclin-1 pathway,contributing to an increase of autophagy and decline apoptosis.Conclusions Our findings indicate that PA can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and enhance autophagy in BEECs.In addition,MT is proved to not only reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress but also facilitate the clearance of dam-aged mitochondria by upregulating autophagy pathways,thereby safeguarding the mitochondrial pool and promot-ing cellular viability.Our study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of an excess of NEB on the fertility outcomes of high yielding dairy cows.
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