Abstract
Background Methionine(Met)is the only sulfur-containing amino acid among animal essential amino acids,and methionine deficiency(MD)causes tissue damage and cell death in animals.The common modes of cell death include apoptosis,autophagy,pyroptosis,necroptosis.However,the studies about the major modes of cell death caused by MD have not been reported,which worth further study.Methods Primary hepatocytes from grass carp were isolated and treated with different doses of Met(0,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5 mmol/L)to examine the expression of apoptosis,pyroptosis,autophagy and necroptosis-related proteins.Based on this,we subsequently modeled pyroptosis using lipopolysaccharides and nigericin sodium salt,then autophagy inhibitors chloroquine(CQ),AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)inhibitors compound C(CC)and reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavengers N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC)were further used to examine the expression of proteins related to pyroptosis,autophagy and AMPK pathway in MD-treated cells respectively.Results MD up-regulated B-cell lymphoma protein 2(Bax),microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅱ(LC3 Ⅱ),and down-regulated the protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),sequestosome 1(p62),cleaved-caspase-1,cleaved-interleukin(IL)-1 β,and receptor-interacting protein kinase(RIP)1 in hepatocytes,while it did not significantly affect RIP3.In addition,MD significantly increased the protein expression of liver kinase B1(LKB1),p-AMPK,and Unc-51-like kinase 1(ULK1)without significant effect on p-target of rapamycin.Subsequently,the use of CQ increased the protein expression of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3),cleaved-caspase-1,and cleaved-IL-1β inhibited by MD;the use of CC significantly decreased the protein expression of MD-induced LC3 Ⅱ and increased the protein expression of MD-suppressed p62;then the use of NAC decreased the MD-induced p-AMPK protein expression.Conclusion MD promoted autophagy and apoptosis,but inhibited pyroptosis and necroptosis.MD inhibited pyrop-tosis may be related regarding the promotion of autophagy.MD activated AMPK by inducing ROS production which in turn promoted autophagy.These results could provide partial theoretical basis for the possible mechanisms of Met in ensuring the normal structure and function of animal organs.Furthermore,ferroptosis is closely related to redox states,it is worth investigating whether MD affects ferroptosis in hepatocytes.
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