Occurring in approximately 2 per 1000 births,hypospadias is the most common congenital disease of male uro-genital system.It is affected by both genetic and environmental factors.Genetic plays a dominant etiological role in hypospadias and heritability varies between 57 and 77％.However,only around 30％of patients harbored the evidence of molecular genetics.Although genetic variants of dozens of genes are associated with the risk of hypospadias,as well as evidence from murine model studies,genetic etiology of hypospadias has remained largely elusive.This review focused upon hypospadias-related genes,murine models,molecular mechanisms and advanced technologies for gaining a deeper etiological understanding of hypospadias and providing new rationales for its preventions and interventions.
万方数据
维普
