A Study of Substantive Private Education:Civilian Private Education and Folk Enlightenment:On the Logical Thinking of Xue Er
Confucius'establishment of private schools has had a profound impact on China's educa-tional tradition in both form and substance.Private education can be divided into two categories:formal and substantive private education.The former refers to private education that is civilian in nature,independent of political society,and adopting the form of private schools to impart knowledge.The latter refers to the folk learning of the common people,which explains the characteristics of the common people,and overcomes the difficulties and obstacles preventing the common people from becoming successful.However,for a long time,research interests has been lying mainly in formal private education while substantive private education has been largely ignored,despite the fact that Confucius'private education originated from folk society and en-deavored to help the common people to become successful.The essence and vitality of Confucius'private education lies in its efforts of finding effective ways to help the common people according to their actual situa-tions and characteristics.The importance of substantive private education in modern society is becoming in-creasingly prominent.
formal private educationsubstantive private educationscholars rising from obscurity
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