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实证哲学与马克思:思想来源与类型

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在黑格尔去世后"实证主义"思潮、实证哲学登上历史舞台的时代,有两种自称的"实证哲学",却有至少四个不同渠道都在推崇实证性。除了从传统哲学和法学中诞生的推崇感性、经验、生成、事实的实证性思想(思辨有神论被视为典型代表)之外,还有来自文学艺术领域对无法归于传统理性的个别、特殊、感性、实存因素的强调,来自新兴自然科学领域对经验事实的重视,以及来自社会科学领域对感性、情感、激情、欲望、利益等实证因素的日益重视。它们都促进了不能仅仅诉诸理性论证和演绎、必须进一步落实到感性确证和事实验证上来的实证性思潮的形成和发展。在马克思与德国古典哲学的关系方面,以往我们往往只重视思辨有神论这一种跟神学密切相关的实证性思潮,由此造成一定的偏狭和限制。从实证性的四个思想来源及其基础上建构的两种"实证哲学"视角来看一系列相关问题,才能有一个更全面、更合理的视野,才能对相关问题作出更贴切的理解。
Positive Philosophy and Marx:Origin and Types
Following the emerging currents of"positivism"and positive philosophy after Hegel's death,two forms of self-claimed"positive philosophy"sprung up,but there were at least four different methodologies espoused the ideology of positivism.Apart from the positive thoughts inherited from conventional philosophy and jurisprudence that appreciate sensibility,experience,becoming and truth(epitomized by speculative theism),the urge of attaching greater importance to individuality,particularity,sensibility and existence in literature and art,the adoption of testifying facts in the incipient realm of natural sciences,as well as the advocacy of passion,desire,sensibility,and profits picked up from the domain of social sciences,all in all they fostered the culture of positive thoughts,taking a step forward from relying merely on rational deduction to a complex model that includes sensible and factual demonstration.We have,however,narrowed our scope while examining positive philosophies by only dwelling on the theology-related theory of speculative theism.It is therefore pivotal to mull over positivism from the perspectives of where it is originated from and how it is constructed.

Positive PhilosophyMarxSchellingComtePolitical Economics

刘森林

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山东大学哲学学院(山东济南250100)

实证哲学 马克思 谢林 孔德 政治经济学

2024

学术月刊
上海市社会科学界联合会

学术月刊

CSTPCDCSSCICHSSCD北大核心
影响因子:0.846
ISSN:0439-8041
年,卷(期):2024.56(12)