Press Advocacy,Party Publicity,and Weapons for Resisting Aggression:The Formation and Transformation of Press Policy Concept in Modern China(1840-1949)
The concept of"press policy"has been constantly changing in modern times.According to his-torical records,the term"press policy"was first used in a public telegram of the Military Government Gazette in 1911 to express the meaning of using the press policy to"divide and disinform".During the Republic of Chi-na,the concept of press policy presented a tripod complexion:Firstly,as Chinese journalism moved from"be-ing the front where literati discuss politics"to the era of"being news-based",Xu Baohuang and others in the news industry deemed press policy as"the advocacy of new-based paper,the plans,goals,objectives and guidelines of newspaper agencies and journalism".Secondly,the increasingly mature party politics has made press policy a tool for political parties to"spread isms and explain policies".Thirdly,when imperialist powers used press policy as a weapon of"soft aggression",press policy was seen in China as a tool for defending na-tional interests through a news landscape of"one nation,one will,one opinion,"and as a"weapon against ag-gression".On the whole,from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China,press policy in modern times has gradually moved towards a concept with modern meanings.
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