Re-examination of the Grassroots Organisational Management in the Xi-zhou(西州)Prefecture,Tang Dynasty-Insights from Xiang-cheng(乡城),Xiang-zhu-zhe(乡主者),and Fang(坊)
This article offers a re-examination of the relevant issues of Xiang-cheng(乡城),Xiang-zhu-zhe(乡主者),and Fang(坊)in the grassroots organisation of Xi-zhou(西 州)prefec-ture,Tang Dynasty.It is argued that,after the Tang's campaign against Gaochang,apart from a few cit-ies which were changed into Xian-cheng(县城),most became Xiang-cheng(乡城).These cities were considered as both Xiang(乡,or country)and Cheng(城,or city).Wu-lin-li(洿林里)and Wu-lin-cheng(洿林城)were merely homonyms,and cannot be considered as one entity.The local bu-reaucrats of Xi-zhou were often called Xiang-zhu-zhe in the official documents,and had certain responsi-bilities.Among the 12 Daoist leaders mentioned in the Record of the collaboration of Daoists and laymen in manufacturing ti-deng(梯蹬)and bell in Xizhou,Tang Dynasty,only Zhang Wujia(张无价),Qu Shu()were officers of xiang.Following the establishment of Xi-zhou Prefecture after Tang's cam-paign against Gaochang,Fang(坊)were routinely set up in the local area.Fang of the Gaochang city in Xizhou continued the style of that in the Gaochang Kingdom under the control of the Qu(麴)clan,with only some slight amendments.Apart from Zhou(州)and Xian-guo-yi(,fang was also es-tablished in the Xiang-cheng of Xi-zhou Prefecture.
Xizhou prefecture of the Tang DynastyXiang-cheng(乡 城)Xiang-zhu-zhe(乡主者)Fang(坊)
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