After the establishment of the Song Dynasty,the Northern Song government issued numerous laws and regulations targeting the"Fan people",most of which were promulgated in the form of imperial decrees such as chì,zhào,and zhì.These laws covered a wide range of aspects:they imposed severe penalties for arbi-trary killings,prohibited the killing of surrendered individuals,safeguarded personal security,strictly forbade ex-ploitation of the people,provided relief to disaster-stricken"Fan people",and banned the trafficking of women as well as the practice of hostage imprisonment.Additionally,trade protection laws and land protection regula-tions were introduced to safeguard economic interests.The government also granted titles to Tibetan leaders,is-sued special pardons,and proclaimed benevolent policies.The implementation of these laws and regulations en-sured social stability and economic development in the northwestern regions,protected the survival rights and human dignity of the"Fan people",and contributed to the ethnic integration and cultural heritage in the region.
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