摘要
《素问·灵兰秘典论》有"肝者,将军之官"一语,"肝为将军"已成为中医学中较为主流的观点.但在中医学的发展过程中,肝并不是唯一称"将军"的脏腑,《张仲景五脏论》《备急千金要方》《华氏中藏经》等医籍中,肺与胆也都被喻为"将军".因此,结合医籍成书年代的社会政治背景,从隐喻的角度分析肺、胆为将军的原因及其与藏象理论的关联,"将军"作为始源域所映射的脏腑由肝扩展到肺和胆,以及"肺、胆为将军"的官职隐喻未被后世沿用,与不同历史时期"将军"职能、地位的变化密切相关;不同时期"将军"的职能、地位与藏象理论中肺和胆的功能、位置是"肺、胆为将军"官职隐喻形成的重要基础.由此可见"隐喻"在中医藏象理论构建发展过程中发挥了不可替代的作用.
Abstract
Liver being called"general"has been a mainstream view of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).However,during the development of TCM,liver was not the only organ endowed with the official position title of"general".Lung and gallbladder were also given the title of"general"in medical books such as Zhang Zhong Jing Wu Zang Lun(《张仲景五脏论》Treatise on Five Zang Organs by Zhang Zhongjing),Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang(《备急千金要方》Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency)and Hua Shi Zhong Zang Jing(《华氏中藏经》Central Treasury Classic by Hua Tuo).Therefore,it is necessary to analyze the reason why the theory of lung and gallbladder called"general"appeared in ancient times and the relationship between this theory and Visceral Manifestation of TCM from the perspective of metaphor in combination with the social and political background of the time when the three medical books mentioned above were written.The research results show that the phenomena about organs mapped by"general"as the original domain were expanded from liver to lung and gallbladder,and the final decline of the theory of lung and gallbladder being called"general"are closely related to the changes of the functions and status of"general"in different historical periods.The correspondence between the function and status of"general"in different periods and the function and anatomical location of lung and gallbladder in Visceral Manifestation of TCM is an important basis for the formation of the theory of lung and gallbladder called"general".The study indicates that metaphor plays an irreplaceable role in the construction and development of the Visceral Manifestation of TCM.
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