Remotely sensed urban surface temperature:From directional temperature,complete surface temperature to three-dimensional surface temperature
Urban land surface temperature is an important indicator of the energy budget of urban underlying surface and local climate change.Remote sensing is an important tool to obtain urban land surface temperature at a large spatial scale.Remarkable urban three-dimensional structure and complex urban surface materials substantially influence the directional variation in upwelling thermal radiance.Thermal infrared remote sensing typically provides an average temperature(i.e.,directional temperature)of all component surfaces in a sensor's field of view at a specific viewing direction.The directional temperature varies with the sensor's observation angle and differs from the true distribution of urban surface temperature.The term"complete surface temperature"was proposed to represent the characteristics of urban surface temperature to characterize the energy exchange between the urban underlying surface and the atmosphere.Currently,"complete surface temperature"has only made a breakthrough in describing the average state of urban surface temperature,but it still cannot reflect the high-resolution spatiotemporal characteristics of urban surface temperature and cannot meet the needs of fine-scale assessments of urban thermal environment.In this review,we summarize the development of urban surface remote sensing temperature from"directional temperature"(2-dimensional)to"complete surface temperature"(2.5-dimensional)and then to"3-dimensional surface temperature"(3-dimensional)and the current progress in using remote sensing directional observations to obtain urban surface temperature in different dimensions.We also clarify the differences and interrelationships of different dimensions.The application of remotely sensed urban surface temperature in different dimensions is also elaborated.On the basis of the existing problems,the future development trend of remotely sensed urban surface temperature is determined as follows:(1)definition of three-dimensional urban surface temperature for different application purposes,(2)stereoscopic observation for the reconstruction of three-dimensional urban surface temperature,and(3)coupling of three-dimensional surface temperature products and urban climate models.
urban remote sensingland surface temperaturedirectional temperaturecomplete surface temperaturethree-dimensional surface temperature
NETL
NSTL
万方数据
