The"God"of tribes in northern China is a collective title,but the concept of the Supreme God,namely"heaven",has been developed.The Xiongnu worshiped the golden man in heaven,Tuoba Xianbei in Pingcheng era,the wooden Lord and Khi-tan took the divine throne and divine tree as the representatives of the gods,and Nuzhen,Mongolia and Manchu had no representa-tives of the gods,reaching the heaven with a divine pole,and the Mongols worshipped the heaven with a ceremony of sprinkling a horse.The worship direction of each tribe is related to its understanding and expression of"heaven".During the worship,Tuoba Xianbei and Khitan took the secular position to live and face the gods,while Mongols and Manchus directly faced the comfortable position of the gods.There are instances of Nuzhen worshiping heaven from the east,but it is difficult to determine the direction of its worship.The ancient Mongols also had examples of worshiping heaven from the east.Modem Mongols even worshiped from all directions,which can be used to investigate the diversity of worship directions of ancient Mongols.
关键词
天神表达方式/祭天礼拜/方向/尊位
Key words
expression of Gods/the direction of worship/direction/honorable position
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